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Second level
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Fourth level
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n27)   High attrition
nTo turn out just one to two products requires about a hundred discovery projects or approaches, involving upwards of 7 million compound tests in early screening assays.  This  level of screening produces about a thousand compounds with some of the criteria we are looking for.  Follow-up molecular design and sophisticated biological testing narrows the number of development candidates.  Once safety is confirmed in animal studies, compounds are advanced into human clinical trials where efficacy, safety and toleration are confirmed.
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n25)   Idea-to-new medicine road - Full Development phase
nIn this Full Development stage, known as Phase lll, several thousand patients with the particular disease receive the drug in carefully controlled studies to test its safety, tolerability, and efficacy.  Finally, if the compound has proved its worth in all these tests, it enters the Registration phase in which the data of its entire history are compiled and analyzed in a regulatory submission.  This New Drug Application, or NDA, is submitted to the FDA for review.  In parallel, a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) is filed in Europe, followed by a Japanese NDA. Only after a successful regulatory review does the candidate become a new medicine.
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n30)  Time of opportunity
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nOur enthusiasm is inspired by the current revolution in science and technology.  This revolution is providing powerful technologies and fresh biological insights, and is uncovering  new points for cellular intervention in disease.
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n33)  Molecular insights into disease
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nThe deciphering of the human genome will substantially increase the number of molecular targets at all cellular levels.  These will be the basis for completely new drug therapy approaches to prevent, treat, and perhaps even cure diseases in the future.
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n31)  The human genome
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nPGRD has been an active participant in the decoding of the human genome.  This is now complete and is laying the groundwork for an unparalleled understanding of numerous biological processes.
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